Original material

Created by the site owner.

• Notes, booklets, worked examples and page designs — © R Stewart, unless credited otherwise on the page.
• Banner artwork — generated by the site owner using AI image tools; © R Stewart.
• Site logo — a lightning bolt through a cog, drawn by R Stewart, 2026. Drawn from geometry, not AI-generated; © R Stewart.
• Yenka Simulation Guide — © R Stewart, 2024.
• Subject and topic marks — line drawings by R Stewart, 2026. The National 5 Electronics mark is a DIL integrated circuit.
• National 5 Electronics practical activity guide — brief, stage guidance, hints, and the page's four diagrams and ten stage icons (line drawings) © R Stewart, 2026. Task structure and marking-descriptor wording adapted from the National 5 Electronics practical activity (C884 75), © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
• National 5 Electronics Block 6: Timers and Comparators (added 19 October 2026) — the Block 6 hub, Lesson 1 Testing and the pupil booklet (PDF). Text, drawings, the test-bench simulator, the practice board and the booklet © R Stewart, 2026. The logic-probe picture on Lesson 1 is from the National 5 Practical Electronics question paper 2025, Q7; the page's booklet answers to 2019 Q5 and 2026 Q5(b)(iii) follow the marking instructions; the booklet's past-paper questions and figures are each credited on its Sources and credits page. All © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Lesson 2 The comparator (added 28 October 2026): text, drawings and the comparator bench © R Stewart, 2026. The page’s booklet answers to National 5 Practical Electronics 2019 Q7 follow the marking instructions, © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use. No photos.
  • Lesson 3 The 555 monostable (added 28 October 2026): text, drawings, the monostable bench and the build guide © R Stewart, 2026; the meter and probe drawings are Lesson 1’s. The page’s booklet answers to National 5 Practical Electronics 2025 Q7 and Q11 follow the marking instructions, © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use. No photos.
  • Lesson 4 The 555 astable (rebuilt 28 October 2026): text, drawings, the astable bench and the build guide © R Stewart, 2026; the meter and probe drawings are Lesson 1’s. The page’s booklet answers to National 5 Practical Electronics 2024 Q5(b), the specimen question paper Q6(c) and 2018 Q9 follow the marking instructions, © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use. No photos.
  • Learn to Test and Practise Testing (added 28 October 2026): text, drawings, the test bench, its boards and its solver © R Stewart, 2026. No photos.
• Higher Physics calculation checklist (added 22 October 2026) — the calculation checklist. Text, the answers that lose marks and the sign diagram © R Stewart, 2026. The question stems, the throw figure (Paper 2 Q1) and the full-mark answers are from the 2024 Higher Physics Paper 2 question paper and marking instructions; the marking rules are from “Physics: general marking principles”; the reported mistakes are from the 2023 and 2024 Higher Physics course reports. All © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.

Made by other teachers

• J Keegan — National 5 Practical Electronics past-paper-style questions (2025), and the National 5 Practical Electronics Past Papers compilation (November 2025), used to locate the block-diagram questions in the Block Diagram Builder. Used with permission. Questions and marking instructions © Qualifications Scotland (SQA).
• S Woodhouse — Block 3 practice questions and answers (2026). Used with permission.
• R Stewart & S Woodhouse — Electricity Block 3 booklet (2026).
• Mr Davie (September 2026 update by Mr White) — the Advanced Higher, Higher and National 5 Physics "Past Paper Finder" documents, shared freely by their authors. Past-paper questions and marking instructions © Qualifications Scotland (SQA).
• Mr Taylor — DELTA, the National 5 and Higher Physics multiple-choice practice site, updated with the 2026 papers. Linked from the S3, National 5 and Higher hubs, not copied here. Questions © Qualifications Scotland (SQA).
• Mr McDonald (2024) — the National 5 Engineering Science "Past Paper Finder", shared freely by its author. Questions © Qualifications Scotland (SQA).

Open-licensed & third-party material

Embedded or reproduced under the terms below.

• PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder — simulations embedded under CC BY 4.0. phet.colorado.edu
• Pagefind (© Pagefind) — the site search, used under the MIT licence. pagefind.app
• Photographs under open licences (added 15 September 2026) — real-life applications in the Higher Physics Semiconductors & p–n Junctions slides, each credited on the slide it appears on. Resized to fit; not otherwise changed.
  • Speaker cable, copper ends — RobertKuhlmann, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Glass insulators on a power-line pole — Maoileann, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • A 12-inch silicon wafer — Peellden, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Cross-section of a silicon diode — TubeTimeUS, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • LED traffic light on red — Kevin Payravi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Ultraviolet LEDs curing glue — Maxmust, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • LED street lamp at night — W.carter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Solar Meadow at Hardengreen, Midlothian — © M J Richardson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Geograph.
  • The International Space Station and its solar arrays — NASA, via NASA Image and Video Library.
  • InSight’s dusty solar panel on Mars — NASA/JPL-Caltech, via NASA Image and Video Library.
• Photographs under open licences (added 16 September 2026) — the Advanced Higher Physics Stellar Physics slides, each credited on the slide it appears on. Resized to fit; not otherwise changed.
  • Hertzsprung–Russell diagram — ESO, CC BY 4.0, via eso.org.
  • Orion constellation — Giuseppe Donatiello, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Photographs under open licences (added 23 September 2026) — the Advanced Higher Physics General Relativity slides, each credited on the slide it appears on. Resized to fit; not otherwise changed.
  • M87*, the first direct image of a black hole — Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Gravitational lens SDSS J1038+4849 — NASA/ESA Hubble, via NASA Image and Video Library.
  • GPS Block IIF satellite (an artist’s impression, not a photograph) — USAF, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Photographs under open licences (added 4 October 2026) — the Advanced Higher Physics Interference 1: Division of Wavefront slides, credited on the deck’s Credits slide. Resized or cropped to fit; not otherwise changed.
  • Interfering surface waves on a lake — Markus Pössel, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Young’s own two-source sketch (1803) — Thomas Young, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Thomas Young, engraving by Henry Adlard after Thomas Lawrence (Smithsonian Libraries) — Henry Adlard, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • A real Young’s slits pattern — Graham Beards, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • The Very Large Array radio telescope — Dameon Hudson, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Photographs under open licences (added 6 November 2026) — the Advanced Higher Physics Electric Fields 1: Point Charges slides, credited on the deck’s Credits slide. Resized or cropped to fit; not otherwise changed. The deck’s past-paper items (AH Physics 2016–2019 and 2023–2025, questions and marking instructions) are © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Two charged balloons pushing apart — MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Lightning from a storm cloud — US Air Force, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Birds sitting on a high-voltage line — Vanja Kovac, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Photographs under open licences (added 4 October 2026) — the Advanced Higher Physics Interference 2: Division of Amplitude slides, credited on the deck’s Credits slide. Resized or cropped to fit; not otherwise changed.
  • A metal crystal with a thin oxide layer (bismuth) — Maxim Bilovitskiy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Oil film on a wet road — Aniskov, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • A soap film draining — KarlGaff, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Thin-film colours on a soap bubble — Pksois23, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Petrol on water in 589 nm light — Zaereth, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Uncoated and coated spectacle lenses — Maximilian Schönherr, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • A spectacle lens, half coated — Mattes, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Newton’s rings — Ulfbastel, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Isaac Newton, portrait by Godfrey Kneller (1689) — Godfrey Kneller, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Newton’s prism experiment, rebuilt — Sascha Grusche, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Institute of Physics Scotland and the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (added 23 September 2026) — 41 slides on the equivalence principle, used in class only, with their own branding left intact. They are not published: the public General Relativity PDF has those 41 pages removed and replaced with a placeholder page that names them, so the only mentions of either organisation in the published file are the placeholder, the section divider and the Credits pages — names, not reproduced material.
• Qualifications Scotland (SQA) — course specifications, past-paper and assessment material reproduced for educational use. © Qualifications Scotland. This includes the Higher Physics past-paper archive — question papers 2006–2015 (Higher and Revised Higher), the Revised Higher specimen paper, and the corresponding marking instructions, reproduced in support of SQA qualifications on a non-commercial basis. It also covers the Higher, Advanced Higher, National 5 Engineering Science and National 5 Electronics lesson-slide PDFs: the decks are written by Mr Stewart, but the past-paper questions, extracted figures, quoted marking-instruction wording and marking-instruction links they carry are © Qualifications Scotland, reproduced for educational use.
  
  National 5 Engineering Science Topic 3 practical worksheets (added 15 September 2026). The worksheets and their diagrams are © R Stewart, 2026. Practicals 1–4 each close with one past-paper question whose figure is reproduced and credited on the page: 2023 Q14(b), the Specimen Question Paper Q15, 2021 Q10(c)–(d) and 2026 Q11(e). © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  
  Reproduced figures, named individually (added 1 September 2026). The Higher Physics Semiconductors & p–n Junctions deck reproduces four past-paper figures, each credited on the slide it appears on: Higher Physics 2024 Paper 1 Q23 (band structures of three solids); 2024 Paper 1 Q25 (four LEDs on an a.c. supply); 2023 Paper 2 Q5(b)(iii) (energy band diagram for a red LED); and 2012 Q30(b) (a p–n junction used as a photodiode). All four are © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use. Three of them — 2024 Paper 1 Q23, 2023 Paper 2 Q5(b)(iii) and 2012 Q30(b) — appear again on the E5 diagram printouts sheet (added 12 September 2026), the cut-and-stick sheet that replaces copying those diagrams by hand; each is credited at the diagram. Every other diagram on that sheet is drawn for this course.
  
  Added 15 September 2026, when that deck was rebuilt so the notes sit beside their diagrams: it also reproduces Higher Physics specimen (current structure) Paper 1 Q20 (four LEDs on a 2 V d.c. supply, figure and question) and, as multiple-choice hinge questions, the text of specimen Paper 1 Q19, Revised Higher specimen Q14, Revised Higher 2013 Q20 and Revised Higher 2014 Q19. The printouts sheet, now three pages, adds Higher Physics 2016 Section 2 Q12(b) (a forward-biased p–n junction band diagram). All © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use and credited where they appear.
  
  Added 2 September 2026: the Monitoring & Measuring AC deck reproduces Higher Physics 2015 Paper 1 Q17 (an oscilloscope with its Y-gain and timebase dials) and 2014 Q27 (an oscilloscope across one of two resistors); the Current, p.d., Power & Resistance deck reproduces 2022 Q19 (a mixed series/parallel resistor network), 2016 Paper 1 Q18 (a 3.0 kΩ / 7.0 kΩ potential divider) and 2011 Q9 (a Wheatstone bridge). All five are © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  
  Added 5 September 2026: the Motion — Equations, Graphs & Projectiles deck reproduces no past-paper figures — its apparatus figure and all its graphs are drawn for this site (© R Stewart, 2026) — but it works seven past-paper questions and opens six of its parts with a past-paper starter, each credited on the slide it appears on: 2024 Paper 2 Q2(b), 2015 Section 1 Q2, 2013 Revised Higher Section A Q1 and 2025 Paper 1 Q1 (one for each equation of motion); 2022 Paper 1 Q2 (the light-gate slope experiment); 2022 Paper 2 Q1(a) and Q1(a)(i) (the crossbar projectile); and starters from 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015 Section A and 2014 Revised Higher Section A. It also quotes the 2024 Higher Physics course report and the course specification v3.0 (pp. 6 and 9). All are © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  
  Added 9 September 2026: the National 5 Practical Electronics Data Sheet (X860/75/12, 12 May 2025) is reproduced in full at assets/electronics/datasheets/ and linked from the two stripboard tools, for pupils to look up IC pinouts (555 timer, 741 op‑amp, the 74xx logic-gate family) and the resistor colour-code table. © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  
  Updated 10 September 2026: the Stripboard Builder is now two pages — Learn to Plan a Stripboard Schematic and Plan your own Stripboard Schematic. Neither reproduces a figure, but the task, the fault list, the test-point requirement and the wording quoted in the feedback come from the National 5 Electronics (C884 75) course and assessment material and from the external verification reports — also © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use. The board sizes and hole pitch are the real boards used in class (Rapid Electronics 34‑0410 and 34‑0411, datasheet 583629_v1), and the layout drawing conventions — tracks across the sheet, a cut marked as an X on the hole, ICs as a labelled rectangle, link wires coloured and numbered — follow the Stripboard Layout Planning Sheet © 2002 Electronics in Meccano (eleinmec.com); the conventions are reproduced, not the artwork. Circuits, diagrams and code are original to this site (© R Stewart, 2026).
  
  Added 15 September 2026: Plan your own Breadboard Circuit and its printable Breadboard planning sheet. The board is a standard 0.1 in prototype breadboard (400- and 830-point), drawn to the hole pitch and 0.3 in channel of the boards used in class; the drawing and sheet conventions are the stripboard tools’ own, after the Stripboard Layout Planning Sheet © 2002 Electronics in Meccano (eleinmec.com), the conventions reproduced and not the artwork. The fault list and checklist are written from the National 5 Electronics (C884 75) course and assessment material and the external verification reports, © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use. Circuits, diagrams, sheet and code © R Stewart, 2026.
  
  Added 15 September 2026: Learn to Plan a Breadboard Schematic — the breadboard sibling of Learn to Plan a Stripboard Schematic, the same five tasks on the same three circuits, laid out fresh for a breadboard rather than invented. Neither reproduces a figure; the task, fault list, test-point requirement and wording quoted in the feedback come from the National 5 Electronics (C884 75) course and assessment material and the external verification reports, © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use. Circuits, diagrams and code are original to this site (© R Stewart, 2026).
• Practice tests and graphing practice (classes/s3-physics/electricity1/practice-test-*.html, graphing-practice.html) — each question is either an adaptation of a National 5 Physics past-paper question, with the physics and the circuit kept and the numbers and context changed, or original to this site. Past papers and marking instructions © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced and adapted for educational use. The circuit diagrams and graphs are drawn for this site © R Stewart, 2026, as are the printable graph paper and the graphing practice's original method and data.
  
  Added 3 September 2026: the Higher Physics practice tests (classes/higher/practice-tests/) are built the same way, from Higher Physics past-paper parents (2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 and the specimen paper) with the numbers, particles and contexts changed, plus two questions original to this site. The field patterns, charged parallel plates, linear accelerator and cyclotron on those pages are drawn for this site © R Stewart, 2026.
  
  Added 5 September 2026: the Advanced Higher Physics practice tests (classes/adv/practice-tests/) are built the same way, from Advanced Higher Physics past-paper parents (2016, 2017, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025) with the numbers, apparatus and contexts changed, plus three questions original to this site across the A+B pair. The mass–spring apparatus, the footbridge and the damping and displacement–time graphs on those pages are drawn for this site © R Stewart, 2026.
  
  Added 24 September 2026: the Advanced Higher Stellar Physics practice tests (classes/adv/practice-tests/stellar-physics-*.html) are built the same way, from Advanced Higher Physics past-paper parents (2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2024 and 2025), plus three questions original to this site across the A+B pair. The H-R diagrams and black-body spectra on those pages are drawn for this site © R Stewart, 2026.
  
  Added 17 September 2026: the Higher Physics Electricity unit practice tests (classes/higher/practice-tests/electricity-*.html) are built the same way, from Higher Physics past-paper parents (2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023, 2025 and the specimen paper) with the numbers, circuits and contexts changed, plus five questions original to this site across the A+B pair. The circuit diagrams, oscilloscope traces, graph and energy-band diagrams on those pages are drawn for this site © R Stewart, 2026.
• SCHOLAR, Heriot-Watt University — the Advanced Higher Physics study guides and online course. Not reproduced here: the Advanced Higher lesson slides send pupils to Scholar for notes and end-of-topic tests, and the topic notes in those decks follow Scholar's treatment. © Heriot-Watt University. scholar.hw.ac.uk
• BrightRed Publishing — Advanced Higher Physics Study Guide. Not reproduced: the lesson slides cite its page numbers for reading.
• Embedded videos — "The Other Mr Stewart" (YouTube @mrstewartphysics) and Mr Bell – Practical Electronics. Videos remain © their respective creators and are embedded via YouTube; each clip is credited where it appears.
• National 5 Engineering Science Voltage Dividers & Sensors slides (added 15 September 2026) — each item credited on the slide it appears on.
  • Figure: National 5 Engineering Science 2024 Q10 (the kettle’s thermistor sensing circuit), and the course specification v2.0, p.5, quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Street lamp with its photocell — Bidgee, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • Multispan greenhouse with side ventilation — Kattegattt, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
• National 5 Engineering Science Transistors, Relays & Control Circuits slides (added 17 September 2026) — each item credited on the slide it appears on.
  • Figures: National 5 Engineering Science 2023 Q7 (the night light circuit) and 2024 Q10 (the kettle’s LED circuit); the 2023 and 2024 marking instructions cited; and the course specification v2.0, p.5, quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Three transistor packages on a centimetre scale — Drahtlos, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • A relay with its case off — redhat, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • A greenhouse vent fan — Dwight Sipler, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
• S3 Engineering Science Contexts and Energy (added 18 September 2026) — the revision page and its four lesson slide PDFs; each photo credited where it appears. The practice tests link the N4/N5 Engineering Science Data Booklet, © Qualifications Scotland (SQA).
  • Edinburgh tram at a West End stop — © artful, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Geograph. Cropped at the sides to remove bystanders, then resized.
  • The Queensferry Crossing — © Bill Kasman, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Geograph. Resized.
  • A train on the Borders Railway — © Russel Wills, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Geograph. Resized.
  • Whitelee Wind Farm — © Thomas Nugent, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Geograph. Resized.
  • The fish ladder at Pitlochry Dam — © Thomas Nugent, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Geograph. Resized.
  • Low-energy LED street lights — © Roger A Smith, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Geograph. Resized.
• S3 Engineering Science Pneumatics, Lesson 1 practical (added 5 October 2026) — the gate circuit, the kit picture and the bench card steps are drawn by R Stewart, adapted from the Matrix CP2080 Pneumatics Essentials worksheets (© Matrix Technology Solutions Limited); no Matrix images are copied. The simulation (NoStrainSim) is linked, not embedded. Rebuilt 7 October 2026: the kit pictures are drawn by R Stewart (the real-part drawings are the ones on the pneumatics component posters).
  • Simulator screenshots — NoPressureSim by Peter Strain (NoStrainSims), free and open to all. Taken from V3.2 of the simulator and numbered for the page.
  • Bus emergency door release — ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized.
• S3 Engineering Science Pneumatics hub and Lesson 2, Reading the diagram (added 20 October 2026) — the gate circuit, bench card 2 and the air frames are drawn by R Stewart, adapted from the Matrix CP2080 Pneumatics Essentials Worksheet 1 (© Matrix Technology Solutions Limited); no Matrix images are copied. Kit drawings by R Stewart from the Matrix CP2080 kit. The drawing board pictures are drawn by R Stewart from photos of the class boards. The Port Patrol valve symbols are drawn by R Stewart.
  • Simulator screenshots — NoPressureSim by Peter Strain (NoStrainSims), free and open to all. The same V3.2 screenshots as the Lesson 2 practical.
• S3 Engineering Science Lesson slides and Booklet 6 (added 20 October 2026; replaced 29 October 2026 by the slim scheme) — the Booklet 6 deck PDFs L1 to L10 and the Booklet 6 PDF, each with and without answers. Slides, booklet and drawings by R Stewart. Circuits and checks adapted from the Matrix CP2080 Pneumatics Essentials worksheets (© Matrix Technology Solutions Limited). Past-paper questions and figures © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use: N5 Engineering Science 2021 Q12(c); 2022 Q15(b), Q15(c); 2024 Q3(a); 2025 Q8(a), Q8(d); and 2026 Q14(b), each named on its deck's Credits slide and on the booklet's last page.
• N5 Engineering Science Pneumatics Review Questions (added 6 November 2026) — eight PDFs, one per Booklet 6 lesson, linked from the N5 Pneumatics page. Past-paper questions and marking instructions 2014–2026 and the 2017 Specimen, reproduced for educational use, © Qualifications Scotland (SQA); each item is listed in its file's credits line. Exam-style questions, the example answer and the topic mark by R Stewart, November 2026.
• Engineering Science Pneumatic components (added 7 October 2026) — an index and one page per component, shared by S3 and N5, and the 19 A3 posters they link. The symbols are drawn by R Stewart to ISO 1219, as used in N5 Engineering Science. The kit drawings are drawn by R Stewart from the Matrix CP2080 kit (© Matrix Technology Solutions Limited); no Matrix images are copied.
• Higher Physics Forces and Energy & Power (added 7 October 2026) — the two lesson slide decks, each with its answers twin; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The lift, slope, connected-object, terminal-velocity and energy drawings and graphs are drawn by R Stewart.
  • Figures and questions: Higher Physics 2015 Section 1 Q4 and Q5; 2016 Section 2 Q2; 2017 Section 1 Q3; 2022 Paper 1 Q3, Q5 and Q6; 2023 Paper 1 Q4 and Paper 2 Q2; 2024 Paper 1 Q3 and Paper 2 Q2; 2025 Paper 1 Q3, Q4 and Q5 and Paper 2 Q1; 2026 Paper 1 Q2 and Q3. Starters from Higher Physics 2007–2015, Revised Higher 2012–2014 and the Revised Higher specimen. The Higher Physics course specification v3.0, p.7, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • A glass lift on the outside of a building — © David Anstiss, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Geograph. Resized to fit.
  • A drop tower ride — Stefan Scheer, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • Two skydivers in free fall, and a free-fall formation — Rstpch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (pair, formation). Resized to fit.
  • Energy & Power updated 22 October 2026 (cut to 23 slides): also Higher Physics 2015 Section 1 Q6; 2024 Paper 1 Q5; 2026 Paper 2 Q4; Higher Physics specimen question paper (S857) Paper 2 Q2; course specification v4.1 (September 2026), p.7 — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use. The tower crane photo is no longer used.
• National 5 Electronics Block 6 Lesson 1 Testing with a Multimeter and a Logic Probe (added 27 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin. Each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The screenshots and figures are from this site’s Practise Testing and Lesson 1 Testing pages; the multimeter drawing and the 555 practice board are from the Block 6 booklet; all by R Stewart, 2026. No photos.
  • Figures and questions: National 5 Practical Electronics 2024 Q4(a) and Q7; 2025 Q1(a), Q4(a), Q6(a), Q6(b) and Q7 (the logic-probe figure); 2026 Q1(c) and Q2; 2018 Q5; specimen question paper Q1(b), Q2(b) and Q4(a); the 2018 and 2024 marking instructions. The course specification v2.1, p.9, is quoted. © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
• National 5 Electronics Block 6 Lesson 4 The 555 Astable (added 29 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin. Each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The screenshots and figures are from this site’s Lesson 4 The 555 Astable page and its stripboard guide; the parts on the What to Collect slide are drawn by this site’s board engine; the circuit drawings, the 555 symbol, the graphs, the oscilloscope trace, the catalogues and the booklet pages are from the Block 6 booklet and deck; all by R Stewart, 2026. No photos.
  • Figures and questions: National 5 Practical Electronics 2024 Q8 (the oscilloscope); 2018 Q8 (via J Keegan’s past-paper compilation, Nov 2025 update); 2025 Q1(b)(ii) and Q3(a)(i); 2026 Q1(c) and Q3(a)(ii); the 2018 and 2024 marking instructions. The N5 Electronics course specification v3.1, pp.5–7, is quoted. © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
• National 5 Electronics Block 6 Lesson 3 The 555 Monostable (added 29 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin. Each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The screenshots and figures are from this site’s Lesson 3 The 555 Monostable page and its build guide; the parts on the What to Collect slide are drawn by this site’s board engine; the circuit drawings, the 555 symbol, the graph and the booklet pages are from the Block 6 booklet and deck; all by R Stewart, 2026. No photos.
  • Figures and questions: National 5 Practical Electronics 2024 Q1(b)(iii), Q2, Q6 and Q11 (the stripboard plan); 2025 Q3(b)(i); 2026 Q1(b)(i), Q3(a)(i) and Q6; the 2024 and 2026 marking instructions. The N5 Electronics course specification v3.1, pp.6–7, is quoted. © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
• National 5 Electronics Block 6 Lesson 2 The Op-amp Comparator (added 28 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin. Each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The screenshots and figures are from this site’s Lesson 2 The Op-amp Comparator page; the circuit drawings, the 741 pinout and the booklet pages are from the Block 6 booklet; all by R Stewart, 2026. No photos.
  • Figures and questions: National 5 Practical Electronics 2024 Q1(a), Q1(b)(i), Q3(a)(i), Q5(a) and Q9 (the night-light figure); 2025 Q1(b)(ii), Q2, Q7(a)(i) and Q7(b)(ii); 2026 Q7(a); the 2024 marking instructions. The N5 Electronics course specification v3.1, pp.5–7, is quoted. © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
• Higher Physics Collisions, explosions & impulse (added 23 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin. Each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The trolley, collision, graph and demo drawings are by R Stewart; no photos.
  • Figures and questions: Higher Physics 2018 Section 2 Q3(c); 2019 Paper 1 Q6; 2020 Paper 1 Q7 and Paper 2 Q3(c); 2023 Paper 1 Q3 and Paper 2 Q3; 2024 Paper 1 Q6 and Paper 2 Q1(b)(ii); 2025 Paper 1 Q6 and Q7 and Paper 2 Q2; 2026 Paper 1 Q4 and Q6. The Higher Physics course specification v4.1 (September 2026), pp.7–8, is quoted. © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
• Higher Physics Gravitation 1: Satellites in free fall (added 6 November 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin. Each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The Newton’s cannon and orbit drawings are by R Stewart.
  • The International Space Station over the Earth — NASA, via NASA Image and Video Library.
  • An astronaut floating inside the ISS — NASA, via NASA Image and Video Library.
  • Newton’s cannon figure, Isaac Newton, A Treatise of the System of the World (1728) — public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • Screenshot of Gravity and Orbits — PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, phet.colorado.edu, CC BY-NC 4.0.
  • Figures and questions: 2023 Higher Physics Paper 1, Q5; 2026 Higher Physics Paper 1, Q7 and Paper 2, Q1. The Higher Physics course specification v4.1 (September 2026), p.8, is quoted. © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
• National 5 Engineering Science Programmable Control topic page (added 11 October 2026) — the text, programs, flowcharts and wiring drawings are by R Stewart (the drawings are cut from the Booklet 4b lesson decks; the breadboards are drawn with this site’s Stripboard Builder engine). The practical sheets and the crossing simulator file are R Stewart’s.
  • Marking-instruction wording and past paper references (2021 to 2025), and the course specification v2.0, pp.5 and 9 — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Simulator screenshot — NoSyntaxSim V2 by Peter Strain (NoStrainSims), free and open to all.
  • A ticket machine — Infrastorian, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized.
  • A packing-line conveyor — SimónK, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized and cropped to fit.
  • Automatic bus doors — Leif Jørgensen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized and cropped to fit.
  • A smart light bulb — Danielrosehill, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized and cropped to fit.
• National 5 Engineering Science Logic & Digital Control topic page (added 4 November 2026) — the text, gate symbols, logic diagrams, truth tables and switch circuits are by R Stewart (drawn with the deck kit, or cut from the Booklet 4a lesson decks). The logic board drawing is by R Stewart, drawn from the UKESF / University of Southampton Logic and Arithmetic kit.
  • Questions and marking instructions: National 5 Engineering Science 2021 Section 2 Q8(e); 2019 Section 1 Q6; 2019 Section 2 Q9(d). Past paper references 2018 to 2026 — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • A dimmer switch — Paolomarco, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized.
• National 5 Engineering Science Microcontrollers (added 8 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The microcontroller wiring diagrams and the street-light circuit are drawn by R Stewart.
  • Figures and questions: N5 Engineering Science 2023 Q9(d), with marking instruction wording from 2021 Q7(b), 2022 Q14(c), 2023 Q9(d) and 2025 Q8(c) and Q9(b)(c). The N5 Engineering Science course specification v2.0, p.5, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Simulator screenshot — NoSyntaxSim V2 by Peter Strain (NoStrainSims), free and open to all.
  • An Arduino Uno board — JrawX, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • A washing machine — Fanti Salms, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • A ticket machine — Infrastorian, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • A packing line conveyor — SimónK, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • Automatic bus doors — Leif Jørgensen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • A smart light bulb — Danielrosehill, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
• National 5 Engineering Science Flowcharts (added 8 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The flowcharts are drawn by R Stewart; the booklet pages shown are R Stewart’s Booklet 4b.
  • The flowchart symbols table from the N4/N5 Engineering Science Data Booklet, p.6; figures and questions from N5 Engineering Science 2022 Q9 and 2024 Q11; marking instruction wording from 2021 Q13(b), 2022 Q9(a), 2023 Q8(a) and 2024 Q11(b). The course specification v2.0, p.5, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Simulator screenshot — NoSyntaxSim V2 by Peter Strain (NoStrainSims), free and open to all.
  • An Arduino Uno board — JrawX, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
• National 5 Engineering Science Reading Programs (added 8 October 2026; split into L3a and L3b 22 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The program listings and flowcharts are drawn by R Stewart; the booklet pages shown are R Stewart’s Booklet 4b.
  • Figures and questions from N5 Engineering Science 2022 Q9(b)(c), 2023 Q9(c) and 2025 Q2, with marking instructions for all three. The course specification v2.0, p.5, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Simulator screenshots — NoSyntaxSim V2 by Peter Strain (NoStrainSims), free and open to all.
• National 5 Engineering Science Writing Arduino C++ (added 22 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The program listings and flowcharts are drawn by R Stewart; the booklet pages shown are R Stewart’s Booklet 4b.
  • The course specification v2.0, p.5, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Simulator screenshots — NoSyntaxSim V2 by Peter Strain (NoStrainSims), free and open to all.
• National 5 Engineering Science Build, Test and Fix (added 9 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The flowcharts, wiring drawings and breadboard drawings are by R Stewart (the breadboards from the site’s Stripboard Builder engine); the code and booklet pages shown are R Stewart’s Booklet 4b.
  • The course specification v2.0, pp.5 and 9, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Simulator screenshots — NoSyntaxSim V2 by Peter Strain (NoStrainSims), free and open to all.
  • An Arduino Uno board — JrawX, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
• National 5 Engineering Science Assignment Practice and Practical 4 — The Server-Room Fan (added 22 October 2026) — the lesson slide deck, its answers twin and the practical sheet; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The circuit diagrams, flowcharts, sub-system diagrams and the hard-copy page are drawn by R Stewart; the arcade and server-room contexts are invented.
  • The marks and marking points of the N5 Engineering Science Assignment marking instructions 2024 and 2025, Task 2, and the column headings of the 2026 Assignment worksheets, are summarised; no brief text or figures are reproduced — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • The course specification v2.0, p.5, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • An Arduino Uno board — JrawX, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
• National 5 Engineering Science Programmable Control — past paper questions and marking instructions (added 27 October 2026) — a digital booklet; every item is credited on its Sources and credits page. The cover mark is drawn by R Stewart.
  • Questions and marking instructions reproduced exactly from the N5 Engineering Science question papers: 2014 Q7, Q13; 2015 Q5, Q15(a)(b); 2016 Q2, Q12(c); 2017 Q9; 2018 Q10(a), Q12(b); 2019 Q10(d), Q15; 2021 Q7, Q13(b); 2022 Q9, Q14(c); 2023 Q8(a), Q9(c)(d); 2024 Q11(b); 2025 Q2, Q8(c), Q9; 2026 Q12(a), Q13(e); specimen paper Q13(a), Q14(d) — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • The 2014 to 2019 pages are scans of the SQA papers taken from Mr McDonald’s “Past Paper Finder” (2024), shared freely by its author.
  • Photographs carried across from the papers’ acknowledgements of copyright: 2026 Q12 Sergio Photone/shutterstock.com; specimen Q13 Christian Delbert/shutterstock.com; specimen Q14 Keith Publicover/shutterstock.com and rawcaptured photography/shutterstock.com.
• Higher Physics Momentum and Impulse — past paper questions and marking instructions (added 29 October 2026) — a digital booklet; every item is credited on its Sources and credits page. The cover mark is drawn by R Stewart.
  • Questions and marking instructions reproduced exactly from the Higher Physics question papers: 2012 Revised Higher Q23(b)(c), Q24; 2013 Revised Higher Q6, Q22(a)(b)(c)(d); 2014 Revised Higher Q3, Q22; 2015 Section 2 Q2; 2016 Section 1 Q4 and Section 2 Q3; 2017 Section 2 Q2; 2018 Section 2 Q3(a)(b)(c); 2019 Paper 1 Q6 and Paper 2 Q1(b); 2020 Paper 1 Q7 and Paper 2 Q3; 2022 Paper 2 Q3(a)(b)(c); 2023 Paper 1 Q3 and Paper 2 Q3; 2024 Paper 1 Q6 and Paper 2 Q1(b)(ii), Q4(b)(ii); 2025 Paper 1 Q6, Q7 and Paper 2 Q2(a)(b)(c); 2026 Paper 1 Q4, Q5, Q6; specimen paper Paper 1 Q5 and Paper 2 Q2(a) — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • The 2015 to 2022 pages are taken from “Higher Physics Past Papers (September 2026 Update)”, the past paper finder made by Mr Davie and updated by Mr White, shared freely by its authors.
• National 5 Engineering Science Logic and Digital Control, Lessons 1–5 (added 4 November 2026; Lessons 4 and 5 added 4 November 2026) — the lesson slide decks and their answers twins; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The gate symbols, logic diagrams, circuits and the logic board (drawn from the UKESF / University of Southampton Logic and Arithmetic kit teacher guide) are drawn by R Stewart.
  • Figures and questions: N5 Engineering Science 2024 Section 1 Q1, 2025 Section 2 Q11(c), 2026 Section 1 Q5, 2023 Section 1 Q3 and 2023 Section 2 Q12(g), with their marking instructions. The N5 Engineering Science course specification v2.0, p.5, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • A dimmer switch — Paolomarco, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • A washing machine — Fanti Salms, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
• National 5 Engineering Science Pneumatics, Lesson Pn1 (added 6 November 2026) — the lesson slide deck and its answers twin; each item is credited on the deck’s Credits slide. The pneumatic symbols, system diagram and CP2080 kit drawings are drawn by R Stewart.
  • Figures and questions: N5 Engineering Science 2026 Section 1 Q1 and 2026 Section 2 Q14 (part (d) and the figure), with their marking instructions; the 2026 course report (Question 1) is quoted. The N5 Engineering Science course specification v2.0, p.6, is quoted — © Qualifications Scotland (SQA), reproduced for educational use.
  • Bus emergency door release — ZidaneHartono, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • An automated assembly machine — Wikimachinespeciale, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
  • Air impact wrenches — Fumikas Sagisavas, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to fit.
• N5 Engineering Science Review Questions for Booklets 5, 7a and 7b (added 6 November 2026) — eleven PDFs, one per booklet lesson, linked from the N5 Mechanisms and Drive Systems and Structures and Materials pages. Past-paper questions and marking instructions 2014–2026 and the 2017 Specimen, reproduced for educational use, © Qualifications Scotland (SQA); each item is listed in its file's credits line. The Booklet 7a exam-style questions and example answers, and the topic marks, by R Stewart, November 2026.

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